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First posted March 11, 2014Last updated April 7, 2014

Dr. Nelson chaired a symposium on post-operative pain at the 2014 annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). This is an article on the symposium published in the AAOS News.

Symposium Addresses Pain Management in the Opioid Epidemic Era

Panelists share strategies for reducing prescriptions

A rather doleful theme emerged from Tuesday’s well-attended symposium, “Managing Surgical Pain in the Opioid Epidemic Era,” echoing the pronouncement by Pogo creator Walt Kelly: “We have met the enemy and [it] is us.”

Pain Symposium

Left to right: Andrew Gurman, MD; David C. Ring, MD; Jeffrey A. Rodgers, MD; Loree K. Kalliainen, MD.

Although panelists made no effort to sugarcoat the alarming problem of opioid overprescription, abuse, and addiction, they did offer tested strategies for providing humane and effective pain management to patients while blunting the risk of abuse.

Moderator David L. Nelson, MD, of Greenbrae, Calif., opened the session in a somewhat facetious mode, portraying himself as a physician less than fully focused on safety or efficacy. To his fictitious patient, he said, “I am in charge of your pain. I’ve never had training in pain management. I’ve never asked how many pills my patients need. I give them enough so they don’t call me on the weekend.”

Then Dr. Nelson turned serious and pointed out that prescription opioid drugs kill more people than heroin and cocaine. He also noted the difference between a narcotic and an opioid. “A narcotic is a federal regulatory term,” he said. “If it’s prohibited it’s a narcotic. Opioid is a pharmacology term.”

Sounding a theme, he asked, “How many orthopaedic surgeons know how many pills their patients take? How do orthopaedic surgeons decide how many pills to give their patients?”

The pills of the opioid epidemic “aren’t stolen,” he said. “They are physician-prescribed.”

Pain management
The panelists, who all happened to be hand surgeons, then proceeded to outline ways to provide fewer opiates to patients.

“When I started learning about pain management,” admitted Andrew Gurman, MD, of Altoona, Pa., and the Speaker of the House of Delegates for the AMA, “I had no idea how many pills my patients were taking. All I knew was that if they were calling me, I hadn’t prescribed them enough.”

Dr. Gurman noted that deaths from opiates now surpass traumatic auto accident fatalities and that hydrocodone is the most widely prescribed drug in the United States. Of the 131 million prescriptions written annually, 12 million are being used nonmedically. “If a patient is given hydrocodone for 90 days,” he said, “there is a two thirds chance that he or she will still be taking it in 5 years.

“We are part of the problem,” he continued, noting that in his home state of Pennsylvania, 55 percent of people using opioids do not have their own prescription.

“They are getting them from friends or relatives,” he said. “This is not a street drug problem. They take them from medicine cabinets. They go to real estate open houses and peek in the bathroom because the agent doesn’t usually go in the bathroom. They take them during parties. Teenagers find them in medicine cabinets.”

In 2000, Dr. Gurman noted, California passed a law requiring providers “to promptly and effectively treat pain for as long as pain persists.” This caused the use of opioids to curve and spike upward. “The patient who wants the drug knows your legal obligation,” he told the audience.

David C. Ring, MD, PhD, of Harvard University, conducted a survey of AAOS members regrading their opioid prescribing patterns. He advised having a written policy on opioid prescribing and sharing it with patients. He noted that for ankle fractures, an opioid prescription will average 4 weeks.

According to Dr. Ring, the opioid epidemic is both iatrogenic and “advocatogenic,” a term he coined to describe how self-styled patient advocates have created a problem of overprescription. Surveys show that some surgeons will prescribe opioids because they are concerned about patient antagonism or dissatisfaction, Dr. Ring said. Surgeons on average believe that they can identify problematic patients and have effective communication skills to manage them, but 29 percent of surgeons who responded to one survey said they would like to have help with communication strategies and setting limits.

“Left-over” medication
Jeffrey A. Rodgers, MD, described a study in which investigators sought to assess the quality of analgesic effect following outpatient upper extremity surgery. They hoped to quantify “left-over” medications and evaluate factors that could influence opioid analgesic consumption.

The study involved phone interviews with 250 patients, conducted 7 to 14 days after surgery. Researchers confirmed the medication and dose regimen prescribed and asked patients about their satisfaction with analgesic control, the number of tablets remaining, and supplemental analgesic medications. More than half of the patients contacted (51 percent) were taking hydrocodone; about a quarter (24 percent) were taking oxycodone, and 22 percent were taking propoxyphene. Most patients received 30 pills.

Patients undergoing hard-tissue surgery used more pills than those with soft-tissue problems. More than 90 percent of patients reported adequate pain management, regardless of surgery type, with two thirds (68 percent) reporting an analog pain score of 2 or less. However, more than half (56 percent) used supplemental, nonprescribed medication. Ibuprofen was the most commonly used NSAID, followed by acetaminophen. Five patients reported using an opioid analgesic that was not prescribed by their surgeon. Most of these patients reported using “left-over” medications from a spouse or previous prescription.

A majority of patients reported using their prescription for 2 days or less. Medicaid patients consumed significantly more pills, while Medicare patients consumed significantly less pills, than other payer types. Seventy-seven percent of patients reported using 15 pills or less with nearly half using 0 to 5 pills. Based on the patients interviewed, an average of 19 tablets remained unused, leaving 4,639 pills left over.

Dr. Rodgers spoke of the hazard of “opiates in the wild.” These drugs might come from primary care physician opioid prescriptions for pain, pain management patients “on contract,” and pills from “Grandma Smith after a knee scope.”

In conclusion, he recommended prescribing 15 tablets with one refill. By this regimen, 23 percent of the patients in the study would have to request a refill. Patients may face additional copayments or out-of-pocket expenses as a result, but Dr. Rodgers noted that with a 79 percent reduction of leftover medications “the inconvenience is justified.” He advised colleagues to “have the conversation with your patients.”

Wrist fracture protocol
Dr. Nelson described a protocol he developed and studied in 59 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for distal radius fracture. The patients were given preoperative counseling about pain management. Patients were excluded if they sustained multiple traumas, were already taking opiates, or were unable to remember how many pills they had taken. Patients were offered the following options:

The average number of hydrocodone pills taken within 10 days was 0.68. “I know you don’t believe me, but I swear it is true,” Dr. Nelson said. He said that his protocol, described at http://www.davidlnelson.md/PostOperativePain.htm, might serve as a model by which other surgeons can design a pain management approach that fits their practice situation.

Distal radius fractures might be used as an index surgery by surgeons to assess the effectiveness of their pain management. “If surgeons assess and improve their effectiveness while at the same time prescribe less opioid medication, we might decrease physician contribution to the opioid epidemic,” he said.

Other protocols
Loree Kaliainen, MD, a plastic surgeon in St. Paul, Minn., discussed her efforts to decrease opiate use, including the development of a pain management protocol that effectively controlled pain in a prospective study of patients undergoing moderately painful surgery, with reduced opioid use as measured by the quantity of hydrocodone taken.

She said a number of factors accounts for the rampant and often unnecessary use of opiates, including the following:

She compared the opioid excess to that of overprescription of antibiotics and noted that The Joint Commission “has recognized that the current approach to pain—narcotics, narcotics, narcotics—has not been as effective as hoped.” She also speculated that “increased anxiety in the United States may have contributed to altered expectations regarding pain or altered the experience of pain itself.”

“Changing practice patterns is difficult,” she continued. “There is a belief that no change is needed, a lack of awareness of risks. There is a fear of change, and of litigation. The wide variation within and among surgeons suggests no good rationale for prescription size.”

FDA Statement
Some drugs or medical devices demonstrated at the Annual Meeting have been cleared by the FDA for specific purposes only or have not been cleared by the FDA. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA clearance status of each drug or medical devices he or she wishes to use in clinical practice. Academy policy provides that “off label” uses of a drug or medical device may be described in the Academy’s CME activities so long as the “off label” use of the drug or medical device is also specifically disclosed (i.e. it must be disclosed that the FDA has not cleared the drug or device for the described purpose). Any drug or medical device is being used “off label” if the described use is not set forth on the products approval label.

2014 Annual Meeting News
Tuesday through Friday, March 11 – 14, 2014.
http://www.aaos.org/news/acadnews/2014/AAOS11_3_13.asp